Modul Bahasa Inggris SMA
I.
Understanding
Types of Text
Text can be classified into
several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'. These types of
text are;
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These classification on type
of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements of
text are:
The purpose of the text; why
is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the
text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what way is the
text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking
a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind of language
feature is used to build the text by its writer.
What is Analytical Exposition?
1. Definition of Analytical
Exposition
Exposition is a text that
elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social
function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
2. Generic Structure of
Analytical Exposition
·
Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
·
Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
·
Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s
position more
·
Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
3. Language Features of
Analytical Exposition
·
Using relational process
·
Using internal conjunction
·
Using causal conjunction
·
Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of
the text
Cars should be banned in the city
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Thesis
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Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know,
cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
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Arguments
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Firstly, cars,
as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such
as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these
illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians
wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes
them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the
city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your
homework, and especially talk to someone.
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Reiteration
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In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city
for the reasons listed.
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Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About
50 thousands people die every year in Britain
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five
cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non
smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater.
Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are
smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease
than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis
and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as
substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much
money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big
different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the
thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s
point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear
position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical
exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking
habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical
exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The
series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of
analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments
presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for
smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky
area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating
the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous
arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points
again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However
smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
As the US , financial
crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia , Kuwait US
and Europe .
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia
over the past few months, Indonesia
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment
of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds
could make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic
growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the
investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the
global crisis. (Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
NOTES ON Generic Structure:
·
Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It
introduces the topic of the text which state the potential opportunity behind
the glogal financial crisis.
·
Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS
which support to the opinios stated in the above thesis.
·
Paragraph 4 is REITERATION
which restates the thesis in another phrases
to point the writer'opinion.
Conventionally, students
need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff. Additionally, in
this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development.
Students need mobile keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of
course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.
First, modern schools tend
to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to catch the
target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative
method. Consequently students need extra media cover the subject. Since there
is a laptop on every student’s desk, this method will help student to get
better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online
shop which provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has
service of online shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop,
decide which computer or laptop they need, and then complete the transaction.
After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is really
easy and save time and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for
students who want to catch the best result for their study. Buying laptop
online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way is
recommended since online shop also provides several laptop types. Students just need to decide which type they
really need.
Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the meaning
and not the word. According to Nida, such translation is called dynamic equivalence
translation. It tries to bring the precise message in different language.
Many people like to watch Hollywood
movie but many get trouble in understanding to the actors' dialogue. So the way
they get the understanding about the movie is reading the translating text
running. If Hindi translation is provided, it will bring the better understanding
for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood movie spread over other Asia
countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi
translation
are widely needed and that is a big chance for English master in that
countries.
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many
ways to make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their
talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online
determined by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because of tBlogs
are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as its content is
heir simplicity to get up and running. There are many free websites out there
that will help you set up your own blog if you choose to go that route because
blog plus advertisement is a potential money
Article writing is also good money to earn money online. Make sure to
gear your articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These
articles are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free.
The most effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box
that is inserted at the end of each article. These dialogue boxes contain links
to basically any website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you
might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one
to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done'
earning potential can become very powerful.
Generic Structure Analysis
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Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
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Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
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Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
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Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
Language Feature Analysis
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Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to
earn money online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc
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Causal conjunction ; because, etc
What
is Anecdote?
1. Definition
and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual
incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure
of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
3. Language
Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's
wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
4. Examples
and structures of the text
Snake in the
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Abstract
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How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!
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Orientation
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We had just moved into a new house, which had been
empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided
we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on
the tap.
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Crisis
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Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole.
Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned
on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
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Incident
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For an instant I stood there quite paralysed.
Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed
the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the
time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to
pull her out of the way or she’d probably have leant over the bath
to get a better look!
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Coda
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Ever since then I’ve always put
the plug in firmly before running the bath water.
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There was a black family in Scotland Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go
to America America America
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their
new life in
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to
watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of
disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the
bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he
hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving
their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
Generic Structure Analysis
Abstract:
Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true,
there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we
do?
Orientation:
the Clak family lived in Scotland America
Crisis:
few days before they went to America
Incident:
the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his
son and God. The family failed to travel to America
Coda:
the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because
of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a
tragedy but a blessing.
What is Descriptive Text?
1. The
Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive
text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The
Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive
text has structure as below:
·
Identification; identifying the phenomenon
to be described.
·
Description; describing the phenomenon in
parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3. The
Language Feature of Descriptive Text
·
Using attributive and identifying process.
·
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal
group.
·
Using simple present tense
4. Examples
and structures of the text
Identification
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Description
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The university is located at the North Ryde
Greenbelt, Sydney, where the
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to
breathe,
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars
Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass
amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles, native
plants and eucalypts.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In
three years1 time, Macquarie will be the only university in
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I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and
trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much
attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes products. This shoes
really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she
are walking on that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire that
she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style, bright
color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have
perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products
covered all genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has.
The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes
are designed in attractive way. The products are international trader mark and
become the hottest trend.
Generic Structure Analysis
- Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in
general;
- Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight
terraces of
Language Feature Analysis
- Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
- Using simple present tense;
What is Narrative?
1. Definition
of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing
specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events
and entertain the readers.
2. Generic
Structure of Narrative
A narrative text consists of the
following structure:
1. Orientation:
Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place
2. Complication:
Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with
3. Resolution:
Showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse
3. Language
Features of Narrative
·
Using processes verbs
·
Using temporal conjunction
·
Using Simple Past Tense
4. Examples
and structures of the text
Snow White
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Orientation
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Once upon a time there lived a
little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt
and Uncle because her parents were dead.
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Complication 1
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One day she heard
her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in
the castle because they both wanted to go to
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Resolution 1
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Snow White did not want
her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided
it would be best if she ran away. The next
morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and
Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the
woods.
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Complication 2
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Then she
saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered
so she went inside and fell asleep.
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Resolution 2
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Meanwhile, the
seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went
inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then
Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.
The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said,
“My name is Snow White.”
Doc, one of the
dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live here
with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then
Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow
White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.
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Maura,
who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia , had many suitors. One by one she discarded them,
until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all
equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to
decide who would be the best of them.
One
evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As
they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The
first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing
camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the
most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s
camp.
The
following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She
ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the
evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat
it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.
This
Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her.
“Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice
to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.
Narrative Complication in Generic Structure
As it is said many times that, the heart of
narrative text is the existence of the complication. It will drive the plot of
the story to keep amusing. The existence of conflict inside the Queen Maura is
what builds the story keep running. The psychological conflict inside Maura,
which she strikes against herself, is arousing the reader’s attention to
continue reading the story. They want to know what next will happen, who will
be chosen by Queen Maura; in what way she will decide who the best is. Keeping
knowing them really entertaining as well increasing the moral value added.
Orientation: the text introduces the Queen Maura and three sheiks in Arabia once time.
Complication: Queen Maura finds out that it was very
difficult to choose one as the best among them
Resolution: finally Queen Maura has a convincing way to
choose one and he is Sheik Hakim
Once
upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The
parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name
of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The
man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the
parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano
however the bird kept not saying the word.
At
the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You
stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say
Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to
teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to
the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say
the word of Catano.
One
day after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man
really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it
into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are
as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he
continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it
will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the
chicken house.
The
next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was
very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There
were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing
proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the
participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the
orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant
as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict
in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story.
In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers
will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To
fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to
teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems
have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished
whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story,
readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the
man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the
word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Once
upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked
fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish
could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara
Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish
changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt
in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that
Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru
aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They
were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very
angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and
got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found
their mother and talked her about it.
The
mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting
angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth
formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then
this lake is known as Toba
Lake
Once
upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step
mother and two step sisters.
The
step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated
Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in
the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing
the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work
about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One
day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son
was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much
time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came,
and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they
had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked.
She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, “because I want
so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve
been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see
that you do go to the ball”.
Magically,
the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a
coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with
her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of
pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before
midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A
few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose
feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was
too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the
end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot
and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally,
she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again.
They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes
on Generic Structure
Orientation: They were Cinderella her
self as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated
Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to make
Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this
story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and
sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major
complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her
stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications
which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that
finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad
treatment.
Once
there was a farmer from Laos
One
day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was
very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger
wanted to know more about the big animal and the small animal.
After
the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so big and strong.
Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo answered; “oh, the man
is very intelligent”.
The
tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t tell you”,
said the buffalo; “but you can ask him”
So
the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your intelligence?”. But
the man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes”
said the man; “but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo when I am gone. Can I
tie you to a tree?”
After
the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence.
He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know about my
intelligence even you haven’t seen it.
Generic
Structure Analysis
1. Orientation;
introducing specific participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in Laos
2. Complication;
revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about the farmer
and the buffalo, the tiger wanted to know about the farmer’s intelligence.
3. Resolution;
the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger
Language
Feature Analysis
·
Using saying verb; answered
·
Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
·
Using action verb; tie, hit
·
Using time conjunction; once, one day
·
Using connectives; after, the next day
·
Using past tense; there was a farmer, the
man tied the tiger.
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